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All IRAs are NOT Created Equal


Self-Directed Individual Retirement Account
Traditional IRA
Roth IRA:    ( Overview - Differences from a Traditional IRA - Eligability )


A Self-Directed Individual Retirement Account is an IRA that requires the account owner to make investment decisions and investments on behalf of the retirement plan. IRS regulations require that either a qualified trustee, or custodian hold the IRA assets on behalf of the IRA owner. Generally the trustee/custodian will maintain the assets and all transaction and other records pertaining to them, file required IRS reports, issue client statements, assist in helping clients understand the rules and regulations pertaining to certain prohibited transactions, and perform other administrative duties on behalf of the Self-directed IRA owner for the life of the IRA account. Self-directed IRA accounts are typically not limited to a select group of asset types (e.g., stocks, bonds, and mutual funds), and most truly self-directed IRA custodians will permit their clients to engage in investments in most, if not all, all of the IRS permitted investment types (an almost unlimited array of possibilities including foreign real estate). Some of the additional investment options permitted under the regulations include, but are not limited to, real estate, stocks, mortgages, franchises, partnerships, [private equity] and tax liens. Self-directed IRAs, by allowing a wide range of investment choices, improve the account owner's opportunities to diversify their IRA portfolio(s). Some investments, such as life insurance or collectibles as defined by the Internal Revenue Service, are not permitted in IRAs. Also, if real estate or any other investment asset held in a self-directed IRA has been employed for personal use, or to gain any other personal benefit (other than a return for the IRA), in the view of the IRS or the Department of Labor, the IRA(s) may become immediately taxable. In addition, if the IRA owner is younger than 59 1/2, the IRA will be subject to an early withdrawal penalty of 10%. It is important, therefore, that those interested in self-directed IRAs work with qualified and experienced IRA custodians.

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A traditional IRA is an individual retirement account (IRA) in the United States. The IRA is held at a custodian institution such as a bank or brokerage, and may be invested in anything that the custodian allows (for instance, a bank may allow certificates of deposit, and a brokerage may allow stocks and mutual funds). Unlike the Roth IRA, the only criterion for being eligible to contribute to a Traditional IRA is sufficient income to make the contribution. However, the best provision of a Traditional IRA — the tax-deductibility of contributions — has strict eligibility requirements based on income, filing status, and availability of other retirement plans (mandated by the Internal Revenue Service). Transactions in the account, including interest, dividends, and capital gains, are not subject to tax while still in the account, but upon withdrawal from the account, withdrawals are subject to federal income tax (see below for details). This is in contrast to a Roth IRA, in which contributions are never tax-deductible, but qualified withdrawals are tax free. The traditional IRA also has more restrictions on withdrawals than a Roth IRA. With both types of IRA, transactions inside the account (including capital gains, dividends, and interest) incur no tax liability. Here is a 401(k) versus IRA matrix that compares various types of IRAs with various types of 401(k)s.

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A Roth IRA is an individual retirement account (IRA) allowed under the tax law of the United States. Named for its chief legislative sponsor, U.S. Senator William V. Roth Jr. of Delaware, a Roth IRA differs in several significant ways from other IRAs.

Overview
Established in 1998 (Public Law 105-34), a Roth IRA can invest in securities, usually common stocks or mutual funds (although other investments, including derivatives, notes, certificates of deposit, and real estate are possible). As with all IRAs, there are specific eligibility and filing status requirements mandated by the Internal Revenue Service. A Roth IRA's main advantage is its tax structure. Contributions are made only from earned income that has already been taxed (and is not tax deductible), but withdrawals up to the total of contributions are federal income tax free, and withdrawals of earnings (anything above the total of contributions) are often free of federal income tax. Depending on with whom a Roth IRA is set up, it can be managed in creative ways, including investments in non-typical assets (Self-Directed IRA).
The total contributions to all IRAs are limited as seen below (this total may be split up between any number of Traditional and Roth IRAs. In the case of a married couple, each spouse may contribute the amount listed):

Year

Age 49 and Below

Age 50 and Above

1998–2001

$2,000

$2,000

2002–2004

$3,000

$3,500

2005

$4,000

$4,500

2006–2007

$4,000

$5,000

2008*

$5,000

$6,000


Differences from a Traditional IRA
In contrast to a traditional IRA, contributions to a Roth IRA are not tax-deductible. An advantage of the Roth IRA over a traditional IRA is that there are fewer restrictions and requirements on withdrawals. With both types of IRA, transactions inside the account (including capital gains, dividends, and interest) incur no tax liability.

     Advantages
  • At any time, the Roth IRA owner may withdraw up to the total of his or her contributions (in nominal dollars) without tax or penalty.
  • If there is money in the Roth IRA due to conversion from a Traditional IRA, the Roth IRA owner may withdraw up to the total of the converted amount, as long as the "seasoning" period has passed on the converted funds (currently, five years).
  • Earnings withdrawals become automatically qualified in the tax year the participant reaches age 59.5 or becomes disabled, so long as the account is "seasoned" (established for five or more years).
  • Up to $10,000 in earnings withdrawals are considered qualified if the money is used to acquire a principal residence. This house must be acquired by the Roth IRA owner, their spouse, or their lineal ancestors and descendants. The owner or qualified relative who receives the "first time homeowner" distribution must not have owned a home in the previous 24 months.
  • If a Roth IRA owner dies, and his/her spouse becomes the sole beneficiary of that Roth IRA while also owning a separate Roth IRA, the spouse is permitted to combine the two Roth IRAs into a single account without penalty.IRS Pub 590
  • If the Roth IRA owner expects his or her tax bracket after retirement to be higher than before retirement, there is a tax advantage to making contributions to a Roth IRA over a traditional IRA or similar vehicle. There is no current tax deduction, but money going into the Roth IRA is taxed at the lower current rate, and will not be taxed at the higher future rate when it comes out of the Roth IRA. If a taxpayer is currently in the 15% tax bracket, then a $1,000 contribution to a traditional IRA would provide a $150 reduction in current-year tax liability. If that taxpayer were in the 30% tax bracket upon retirement, $1000 of traditional IRA distributions would incur $300 in taxes. Therefore, the person would pay twice as much for after retirement income as he received in tax benefits from the traditional IRA deduction (and since gains are compounded, this comparison is valid). Therefore, the Roth IRA offers a specific advantage where a person will retire in a higher tax bracket than that used during his or her pre-retirement years.
  • The Roth IRA does not require distributions based on age. All other tax-deferred retirement plans, including the related Roth 401(k),[1] require withdrawals to begin by April 1 of the calendar year after the owner reaches age 70½, and impose an annual minimum distribution once withdrawals begin at any age beyond 59 ½.
   Disadvantages
  • The main disadvantage of a Roth IRA (when compared to a traditional IRA) is that contributions are not tax-deductible. If one contributes $1000 to a traditional IRA while in a high tax bracket, one can often receive a tax deduction, substantially reducing the initial cost of contributing (or, potentially, allowing someone without much disposable income to shelter more income). This is not the case for the Roth IRA. It should be noted that the money in a traditional IRA is taxed once it is withdrawn at retirement. If one is not able to max out one's IRA contributions, and ends up in a lower income tax bracket at retirement, then one will wind up with less usable cash by choosing a Roth IRA over a Traditional IRA.
  • With a Roth IRA, there are heavy penalties for early withdrawals of earnings (withdrawals up to the total of contributions + conversions are tax-free). An unqualified withdrawal of earnings will result in federal income tax plus a ten-percent penalty on the amount. Fortunately there are many exceptions, such as buying a first home and paying qualified educational expenses.
  • There is also the risk that Congress over the next few decades may decide to tax earnings on Roth IRAs. (Reference?)
  • The perceived tax benefit may never be realized, i.e., one might not live to retirement or much beyond, in which case, the tax structure of a Roth only serves to reduce an estate that may not have been subject to tax. One must live until their Roth IRA contributions have been withdrawn and exhausted to fully realize the tax benefit. Whereas, with a traditional IRA, tax might never be collected at all, i.e., if one dies prior to retirement with an estate below the tax threshold, or goes into retirement with income below the tax threshold.


Eligability: Income Limits
Like many tools that offer tax advantages, Congress has limited who can contribute to a Roth IRA, based upon income. A taxpayer can only contribute the maximum amount listed at the top of the page if his or her Modified Adjusted Gross Income (MAGI) is below a certain level (the bottom of the range shown below). Otherwise, a phase-out of allowed contributions runs throughout the MAGI ranges shown below. Once MAGI hits the top of the range, no contribution is allowed at all. The ranges, for 2007, are:

  • Single filers: Up to $99,000 (to qualify for a full contribution); $99,000-$114,000 (to be eligible for a partial contribution)
  • Joint filers: Up to $156,000 (to qualify for a full contribution); $156,000-$166,000 (to be eligible for a partial contribution)
  • Married filing separately (if the couple lived together for any part of the year): $0 (to qualify for a full contribution); $0-$10,000 (to be eligible for a partial contribution).

The lower number represents the point at which the taxpayer is no longer allowed to contribute the maximum yearly contribution. The upper number is the point as of which the taxpayer is no longer allowed to contribute at all. Note that people who are married and living together, but who file separately, are only allowed to contribute a relatively small amount.
However, once a Roth IRA is established, the balance in the account remains tax-sheltered, even if the taxpayer's income rises above the threshold. (The thresholds are just for annual eligibility to contribute, not for eligibility to maintain an account.)

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Fast Facts

Self Direct IRA

You can purchase businesses, real estate, portfolio products, notes, etc.

The advantage is returns are limitless because it is not attached to one stock or stock index. One must be careful because it requires more management than a traditional ira or roth ira for that matter.


Traditional IRA

Offer deferred taxable income for retirement savings. Traditional IRAs contributions are typically pretax dollars from an employer or employee contribution. The important thing is to consider the tax liabilities when retiring. Work with a CPA and estimate future earnings and make sure that there is enough “alternative plan” money available so liabilities are low during retirement years.

Roth IRA

After tax contributions help support the theory of being taxed on the seeds versus the harvest. The disadvantage of Roth IRA is the minimum contributions. It may be ineffective if one is started late. Ask your advisor if there are other options.